Introduction

Gossypiboma or textiloma are terms used to describe a foreign-body reaction to a cotton surgical material that was accidentally retained in a patient’s body.

The incident of leaving a foreign body in the surgical field occurs with a frequency of 0.001% to as high as 0.1% per single surgery [1,2]. The true number of cases remains underestimated, and these incidents are rarely reported because they reflect badly on the reputation of the operator and the surgical department. Soft foreign bodies, such as gauze or surgical sponges, are the items most commonly left behind (90%). It is much rarer to find so-called hard foreign bodies, i.e. instruments, needles, or drains [1,3]. Symptoms in patients with a surgical sponge left behind are nonspecific and are not the basis for making a correct diagnosis. In patients presenting with complaints, an ultrasound is typically performed, the usefulness of which in detecting a foreign body is limited. Further dia-gnostics involving computed tomography (CT) scanning should theoretically enable a definitive diagnosis to be established. However, there are sometimes difficulties in interpreting the lesions detected by CT in patients with a foreign body left behind.

Case series

The study analysed 10 cases of foreign bodies left in the abdomen and pelvis during gynaecological and surgical operations and discussed the radiological images of the left materials (Table 2). Data on hospitalizations, the imaging examinations performed, and the radiological images themselves were obtained from medical records provided to the Department of Forensic Medicine at the Pomeranian Medical University from 2008 to 2020. The types of surgical procedures, age of patients, time of detection, and symptoms presented are shown in Table 1. The aim of our study was to analyse errors made during the interpretation of imaging studies when a foreign body was left in the form of gossypiboma. This topic has been extensively described in the literature, but our goal was to verify theoretical assumptions with practical results.

Results

The analysis included 7 women (70%) and 3 men (30%), the average age of the patients was 50.5 ± 13.8 years (range 30 to 84), and the time from leaving the foreign body until it was detected was 694 days on average (range 84 days to 7 years and 7 days). In 9 patients, the foreign body was evacuated during a secondary laparotomy, and in one case it was excreted with faeces after previous intra-abdominal migration into the intestinal lumen. A total of 45 imaging studies were performed in the analysed patients, including 25 ultrasounds, 11 CT scans, 7 RTGs, one PET scan, and one MRI.

Computed tomography

Computed tomography was the second most frequently performed examination. Out of 11 performed scans, the diagnosis of a foreign body was made in 8 cases, which gives a sensitivity of 73%. The gossypiboma was most often described as a spherical structure of low density and heterogeneous structure located close to the anterior abdominal wall. The average size of the described structure was 83 × 89 × 80 mm. The most distinctive feature was the presence of a radiopaque marker inside the retained surgical item (Figures 3-5), visible as a hyperintense metallic foreign body forming circular folds. The presence of the radiopaque marker was described in 7 cases, it was unnoticed in one case, and in 3 it was not visible in the CT scan. The second most frequent observation was gas bubbles trapped in a folded material forming a characteristic spongiform pattern (Figures 3 and 4); for gossypiboma, it was noted in 8 out of 10 examinations. Only the connective tissue capsule surrounding the foreign body was contrast enhanced. In 5 cases, calcifications were described on the outer part of the mass. The characteristics of the foreign body in CT are presented in Table 3.

Table 3

Characteristics of foreign bodies seen in computed tomography

Homogenic structure	Measurements AP, RL, CC (mm)	Contrast capsule enhancement	Presence of air bubbles (spongiform pattern)	Presence of radiopaque marker	Suspicion of a foreign body
–	30 × 100 × 30	+	+	+	+
+	110 × 90 × 70	–	+	–	–
–	69 × 104 × 73	+	+	+	+
–	122 × 94 × 163	+	+	–	–
–	60 × 60 × 60	–	+	+	+
0	67 × 77 × 77	–	+	+	+
+	0	+	–	+	+
0	90 × 90 × 90	–	+	–	–
–	40 × 90 × 50	+	–	+	+
–	78 × 54 × 65	–	+	+	+

Figure 1

Chest X-ray. Thin metallic shadow is visible in left subcostal space

Figure 2

Scout scan, raqiopaque marker visible that corresponds to the foreign body

Figure 3

Axial CT scan reveals inhomogenous mass with characteristic spongiform pattern

Figure 4

Axial CT scan. Visible gossypiboma with preserved parts of radiopaque marker

Figure 5

Axial abdominal CT scan. A round mass next to left iliac bone with air bubbles is visible. High density whirling structure corresponds to radiopaque marker

Discussion

Leaving surgical material in the form of a towel or gauze pad is a rare but potentially fatal complication of surgery. The actual scale of the phenomenon remains underestimated due to the low reporting rate of this incident and low detectability due to the lack of symptoms in some patients.

An overlooked foreign body during surgery is referred to in medicine as a never event – a serious incident that is entirely preventable because guidance or safety recommendations providing strong systemic protective barriers are available at a national level and should have been implemented by all healthcare providers [4]. Missing retained surgical items in imaging studies despite obvious indications is classified in the same way – as a medical error. As obvious indications, we can include the image of a characteristic metallic shadow in the case of X-ray imaging, and in the case of computed tomography we can distinguish the appearance of a spongiform or a radiopaque marker, specific for a foreign body. As a matter of fact, these events will continue to occur, and healthcare professionals should be familiar with their recognition and management. The key to patient safety is a quick dia-gnosis and surgery to remove the retained surgical item. Incorrect preoperative diagnosis may lead to unnecessary invasive diagnostic procedures and operations [5]. Unfortunately, a prolonged diagnostic process is associated with a higher risk of complications and an increase in mortality, which can be as high as 35% according to retrospective studies [3,6].

This complication can affect any cavity in the body and all types of procedures. Surgical materials are most often found in the abdominal cavity and pelvis (> 50%), as well as in the chest, spinal canal, or skull [7].

Symptoms presented by patients remain unspecific; most often they include fever, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, and abdominal pain [8,9]. The type and severity of the presented symptoms depend on the body’s reaction to the textile foreign body in the patient’s body. Two possible reactions are known. The most common of them consists of a persistent, moderately intensified inflammatory process during which fibrosis occurs and the formation of granulation tissue together with a connective tissue capsule around the surgical material. In such cases, the symptoms are less severe and result from the presence of a mass in the abdominal cavity; a foreign body in this form can be felt through the abdominal wall as a tumour. Contamination of the material and the formation of an abscess around the dressing material occur less frequently. In this case, the patient will report intermittent fevers more often and inflammatory parameters will be elevated. With this type of inflammatory reaction, the formation of fistulas also occurs, and the time of detection of such a body – due to the rich clinical manifestation – will be faster. One of the rarer complications of leaving the surgical cavity in the patient’s abdominal cavity is spontaneous migration into the intestinal lumen and subsequent partial or complete mechanical obstruction [10,11]. If the gauze enters the intestine above the ileocaecal valve, it is likely to cause obstruction, and if it migrates downstream, it is likely to be excreted spontaneously in the faeces.

Our analysis showed that in most cases the structure of the foreign body was visualized but not correctly identified. Gossypiboma is a rare complication and therefore not included in the standard differential diagnosis. In the case of ultrasound, this difficulty arises from the unfamiliarity with the appearance of the textiloma in this type of imaging. Difficulty also results from the non-specific appearance of the foreign body in the US, its spherical shape, the presence of fluid reservoirs, and the inflammatory infiltration which may suggest a haematoma or tumour. Misdiagnosed X-ray images resulted from incorrect interpretation of the metallic shadows corresponding to the radiopaque marker – they were described as fragments of a surgical anastomosis or sutures. Radiolucent materials also cause diagnostic difficulties in X-ray-based images. Radiologists are often the first physicians to diagnose patients with an unrecognized foreign body.

The specialist in imaging diagnostics must be familiar not only with the appearance of the gossypiboma in individual imaging but also with the risk factors for leaving the surgery material in the patient’s body. Analyses covering large groups of patients have shown that gynaecological operations – in particular caesarean section and hysterectomy – are procedures with a high risk of leaving a foreign body [5]. Other factors predisposing to leave a towel in the abdominal cavity include the occurrence of an unforeseen event during the procedure, emergency surgery, and high BMI of the patient [11,12].

The radiograph should be the basic method of imaging left-over soft foreign bodies. Nowadays all surgical materials must be marked with a radiopaque fragment. In the case of a marker clearly visible on the X-ray (Figures 1 and 2), the diagnosis seems to be certain if the physician describing the examination knows its appearance. Diagnosis becomes more difficult if part of the marker sponge is folded or torn, which happens if the foreign body remains undetected for a long time [13]. The authors point out that vigilance should also be exercised in X-ray examinations with the use of contrast, such as urography, ascending pyelography, or intestinal transit examination. Ultrasonography was the least sensitive in our analysis, but it was the most frequently performed test. The difficulty in recognizing a foreign body in ultrasound is due to the different appearance of the foreign body in this type of imaging. This picture depends on the type of inflammatory reaction and changes with the time spent in the patient’s body. The common features of their appearance in USG is the presence of a strong acoustic shadow, which may be caused by calcifications or gas inside the dressing material. The heterogeneous structure and lack of vascular flows inside the foreign body mass are also characteristic of the US image [8]. Some authors indicate a characteristic zigzag shape inside the described structure, which may correspond to the folds of the material [14,15]. Computed tomography is the best tool to diagnose left foreign bodies and possible complications [16]. It is most often described as a heterogeneous, hypodense mass with a capsule of increased density. The marker takes on the appearance of a metallic body inside the gauze, usually arranged in circular structures. The authors in most cases described the appearance of the sponge as a characteristic spongy pattern caused by the presence of air bubbles [16]. Another observation is the presence of calcifications and contrast enhancement of only the capsule of the described lesion. The material left behind was most often mistaken for an abscess, haematoma, or solid tumour [16,17]. Magnetic resonance imaging is of limited use in diagnosing residual foreign bodies. The main limitation is the inability to see the radiological marker because the radiopaque fragment is not magnetic or paramagnetic. The surgical material was most often described as a soft-tissue oval mass of low density with a thick, reinforcing capsule. In the T1-weighted images, a signal of reduced intensity was described; in the T2-weighted images the foreign body was seen as a hyperintense area [18]. The authors note that the characteristic hypointense bands seen in T2WI corresponding to gauze fibres may only be present in the presence of a foreign body [19].

Study limitations

The collected group of analysed patients is relatively small in relation to the prevalence of the phenomenon. It should be noted that we took into account only the cases of patients who were received by the forensic medicine department of one clinical centre. We believe that further analysis and research are necessary to gain a full picture of this phenomenon.

Conclusions